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CATCH KIDS BEFORE THEY FAIL
Early Identification to Prevent Reading Failure
By Avner Stern, Ph.D.
Having reading problems affects children profoundly. Those who can’t read will have difficulty learning, so they don’t acquire the knowledge and interests they need to succeed in school. They also tend to dislike school and reading. Many drop out. Of those who graduate high school, less than two percent attend college, despite having average intelligence or above.
Recent reading research offers compelling evidence that children at risk of being poor readers can be identified as early as kindergarten. The identification process is easy and inexpensive. The longer it takes to identify reading problems, the harder it is to correct them. Reading experts warn that those who read poorly in first grade almost always continue to read poorly unless their reading problem is caught and corrected early. The best solution is for schools to allocate resources for early identification and prevention. Third grade is too late. A series of studies conducted by the National Institutes of Health found that:
Ten million or 17.6 percent of children having significant reading difficulties, girls are just as likely to have reading difficulties as boys, but they’re less likely to be identified.
Reading difficulties aren’t developmental lags. Most kids who struggle with reading don’t spontaneously improve with maturity, and they don’t catch up without help.
There’s a misconception that letter reversals and visual processing problems are the basis of reading disabilities (sometimes called dyslexia). In reality, poor readers have trouble recognizing, manipulating and learning speech sounds (called phonemes) in words, a skill called phonological processing. Most children and adults with reading disabilities struggle with making rapid and accurate associations between speech sounds and letters.
By assessing kindergartners’ phonological processing skills, it’s possible to identify with 92 percent accuracy those who will have difficulty with reading. The sooner the problem is identified, the easier and less expensive it is to remediate.
For more than 90 percent of poor readers, prevention and early intervention programs that combine phonemic awareness (the ability to identify and manipulate the individual sounds in words), phonics, and reading comprehension strategies provided by well-trained teachers can bring their reading skills to average levels. However, about 75 percent of children whose problems aren’t identified until the age of 9 continue to have reading difficulties throughout high school.
Although ideally, every child should be assessed for reading disability at age 5, there are early warning signs of reading problems. If two or more of the following indicators are present, the child should be assessed, especially if there is dyslexia in the family:
© Delayed speech
© Mixing up sounds in multi-syllabic words
© Trouble rhyming words
© Difficulty learning the alphabet and the names of numbers
© Difficulty learning to associate sounds with letters
Screening for future reading difficulties should be required for kindergartners. Waiting for a child, even first-grader, to catch up is asking for trouble. Children with early reading problems can become good readers, but not without help.